Burden of Evidence Shifts to Employee When Employer Submits Evidence of Payment

"In repeated occasions, this Court ruled that the debtor has the burden of showing with legal certainty that the obligation has been discharged by payment. To discharge means to extinguish an obligation, and in contract law discharge occurs either when the parties have performed their obligations in the contract, or when an event the conduct of the parties, or the operation of law releases the parties from performing. Thus, a party who alleges that an obligation has been extinguished must prove facts or acts giving rise to the extinction.

The fact of underpayment does not shift the burden of evidence to the plaintiff-herein respondent because partial payment does not extinguish the obligation. Only when the debtor introduces evidence that the obligation has been extinguished does the burden of evidence shift to the creditor who is then under a duty of producing evidence to show why payment does not extinguish the obligation."

(See G & M PHILIPPINES, INC. vs BATOMALAQUE, G. R. No. 151849, June 23, 2005)

RELATED ARTICLES:

• Employee must prove entitlement to overtime pay and premium pay
• Doubts in the parties' evidence should be resolved in favor of the employee
• Employer has the burden of proving payment of employee's benefits

Employee must prove entitlement to overtime pay and premium pay

"However, the CA was correct in its finding that the petitioners failed to provide sufficient factual basis for the award of overtime, and premium pays for holidays and rest days. The burden of proving entitlement to overtime pay and premium pay for holidays and rest days rests on the employee because these are not incurred in the normal course of business. In the present case, the petitioners failed to adduce any evidence that would show that they actually rendered service in excess of the regular eight working hours a day, and that they in fact worked on holidays and rest days."

(See WILGEN LOON, ET. AL vs. POWER MASTER, INC., G.R. No. 189404,   December 11, 2013)

RELATED ARTICLES:
Employer has the burden of proving payment of employee's benefits
Doubts in the parties' evidence should be resolved in favor of the employee

Labor Law: Doubts in parties' evidence should be resolved in favor of employee

"It is a well-settled doctrine, that if doubts exist between the evidence presented by the employer and the employee, the scales of justice must be tilted in favor of the latter. It is a time-honored rule that in controversies between a laborer and his master, doubts reasonably arising from the evidence, or in the interpretation of agreements and writing should be resolved in the former's favor. The policy is to extend the doctrine to a greater number of employees who can avail of the benefits under the law, which is in consonance with the avowed policy of the State to give maximum aid and protection of labor."

(Nicario v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 125340, September 17, 1998, 295 SCRA 619, 626-627)

Labor Law: Employer has the burden of proving payment of employee's benefits

"Moreover, one who pleads payment has the burden of proving it. The reason for the rule is that the pertinent personnel files, payrolls, records, remittances and other similar documents which will show that overtime, differentials, service incentive leave, and other claims of workers have been paid are not in the possession of the worker but in the custody and absolute control of the employer. Thus, the burden of showing with legal certainty that the obligation has been discharged with payment falls on the debtor, in accordance with the rule that one who pleads payment has the burden of proving it. Only when the debtor introduces evidence that the obligation has been extinguished does the burden shift to the creditor, who is then under a duty of producing evidence to show why payment does not extinguish the obligation. In this case, petitioner was unable to present ample evidence to prove its claim that respondent had received all his salaries and benefits in full."

(G & M PHILIPPINES, INC. vs CUAMBOT, G.R. No. 162308, November 22, 2006)

RELATED ARTICLES:

• Employee must prove entitlement to overtime pay and premium pay
• Doubts in the parties' evidence should be resolved in favor of the employee
• Burden of Evidence Shifts to Employee When Employer Submits Evidence of Payment

Sample Form: SPECIAL POWER OF ATTORNEY (To Represent In A Mediation)

SPECIAL POWER OF ATTORNEY

  

KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:

      I, ___________________, of legal age, married, Filipino, with postal address at ________________________________, do hereby appoint, name and constitute Mr. ________________________, likewise of legal age, singe/married, with residence at _______________________________ as my true and legal representative to act for and in my name and stead and to represent me during the mediation proceedings before the Philippine Mediation Center Unit in the Court of Appeals relative to the case docketed as CA-G.R. SP No._________, to offer, negotiate, accept, decide and enter into a compromise agreement without need of further approval by or notification to me.

     I hereby grant my representative full power and authority to execute and perform every act necessary to render effective the power to compromise as though I myself have so performed it and hereby approving all that he may do by virtue of these presents.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto affixed my signature this ______ day of ____________________, 2017 at ________________.

____________________

             Principal

Conforme:

_____________________

      Attorney-in-fact

Republic of the Philippines )

 _____________________) S.S

 

BEFORE ME, personally appeared:

             

Name                                ID Number                        Date/Place Issued

  

Known to me and to me known to be the same persons who executed the foregoing instrument and acknowledged to me that the same is their free and voluntary act and deed.

WITNESS MY HAND AND SEAL, on the date and place first above written.

                                                                                                            

Doc. No.______;

Page No. ______;

Book No.______;

Series of 2017

Sample Form: SPECIAL POWER OF ATTORNEY (To Claim Check)

SPECIAL POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:

I, _______________, of legal age, married, Filipino, with postal address at c/o ___________________________, do hereby appoint, name and constitute Mr. ______________________, likewise of legal age, married, with residence at _____________________________ as my true and legal representative to act for and in my name and stead and to claim my check from the NLRC Cashier representing the cash bond which I personally posted in relation to the case ______________________ vs. _____________________, bearing case number NLRC LAC No._________ / CASE No. _________, and as well as other checks, if any.

      I hereby grant my representative full power and authority to execute and perform every act necessary to render effective the power to compromise as though I myself have so performed it and hereby approving all that he may do by virtue of these presents.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto affixed my signature this ______ day of ____________________, 2017 at ________________.

_________________

Principal

Conforme:

Conforme:

_____________________

      Attorney-in-fact

Republic of the Philippines )

 _____________________) S.S

BEFORE ME, personally appeared:

            

    Name                                           ID Number                          Date/Place Issued

      

Known to me and to me known to be the same persons who executed the foregoing instrument and acknowledged to me that the same is their free and voluntary act and deed.

WITNESS MY HAND AND SEAL, on the date and place first above written.

                                                                                                            

                                                                                  Notary Public

Doc. No.______;

Page No. ______;

Book No.______;

Series of 2017

Nestle's "Coffee-Mate" vs. Puregold's "Coffee Match"

In a Decision dated September 6, 2017 in the case of SOCIETE DES PRODUITS, NESTLE, S.A. vs. PUREGOLD PRICE CLUB, G.R. No. 217194, the Supreme Court Ruled in favor of Puregold:

     The word "COFFEE" is the common dominant feature between Nestle's mark "COFFEE-MATE" and Puregold's mark "COFFEE MATCH." However, following Section 123, paragraph (h) of RA 8293 which prohibits exclusive registration of generic marks, the word "COFFEE" cannot be exclusively appropriated by either Nestle or Puregold since it is generic or descriptive of the goods they seek to identify. In Asia Brewery, Inc. v. Court of Appeals,55 this Court held that generic or descriptive words are not subject to registration and belong to the public domain. Consequently, we must look at the word or words paired with the generic or descriptive word, in this particular case "-MATE" for Nestle's mark and "MATCH" for Puregold's mark, to determine the distinctiveness and registrability of Puregold's mark "COFFEE MATCH." 

     We agree with the findings of the BLA-IPO and ODG-IPO. The distinctive features of both marks are sufficient to warn the purchasing public which are Nestle's products and which are Puregold's products. While both "-MATE" and "MATCH" contain the same first three letters, the last two letters in Puregold's mark, "C" and "H," rendered a visual and aural character that made it easily distinguishable from Nestle's mark. Also, the distinctiveness of Puregold's mark with two separate words with capital letters "C" and "M" made it distinguishable from Nestle's mark which is one word with a hyphenated small letter "-m" in its mark. In addition, there is a phonetic difference in pronunciation between Nestle's "-MATE" and Puregold's "MATCH." As a result, the eyes and ears of the consumer would not mistake Nestle's product for Puregold's product. Accordingly, this Court sustains the findings of the BLA-IPO and ODG-IPO that the likelihood of confusion between Nestle's product and Puregold's product does not exist and upholds the registration of Puregold's mark.

How to pay capital gains tax and documentary stamp tax at the BIR

This is an actual process we went through when we processed the payment of capital gains tax (CGT) and documentary stamp tax (DST) with the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)

1.) Fill-up the proper eBIR forms  1706 and 2000-OT (check BIR website)  and have a printout of these forms. You can do this at home thru online or offline which requires downloading of the app from the BIR website.

(indicate the name of the seller in the forms even if he/she is represented by an attorney-in-fact)

2.) At the BIR Revenue District Office (RDO), proceed to TIN Verification Section and fill-up Form 1904-Application for Registration, for both the seller and buyer.

3.) Next is at the ONETT (One-Time Transactions) section and have the taxes computed (thru a Computation Sheet) based on the Deed of Sale and Tax Declaration (Certified True Copy)

4.) Proceed to any of the RDO's Accredited Banks

-          (Better to know which bank submits/reports payments to BIR the earliest)

-          Fill–up deposit slips (1 for DST and 1 for CGT)

-          Submit the BIR forms 1706 and 2000-OT

-          Get Official Receipt of deposits and bank-stamped forms

5.) Back to BIR again. Secure and fill-up Form 0605 (Payment Form). Photocopy 2 copies. 

6.) Proceed to AAB and fill-up deposit slip (1 for each title) and pay P100 per title as Certification Fee. Attach 3 copies of forms

7.) Submit to ONETT – Original copies of Verified TINs, bank deposit slips and forms showing payment of Certification Fee, two copies of Deed of Sale (with special power of attorney, if any), original Tax Declaration, Certified True Copy of Title (must be nearest the time of transaction), Bank Deposit slips and Forms 1706 and 200-OT. And 1 set of photocopies of the same documents.

8.) Get Claim Slip with contact numbers for making follow-up calls.

9.) Claim the Certificate Authorizing Registration (CAR) and the original copies of the documents previously submitted. Make sure that what your receiving are original copies which would also be required by the Registry of Deeds. This will save you time and the hassle of returning to the BIR just to get the originals.

Authorization to use property

Date

To whom it may concern,

AUTHORIZATION

           

        The undersigned individuals hereby authorize Mr. _________ to use, occupy, take care, maintain our property specifically located at _______________________.

We also authorize him to represent us before the developer Empire East and/or the condominium association or homeowners association on any matter concerning the said property.

            This authorization shall be effective immediately and indefinitely until revoked in writing.

            Thank you very much.

Respectfully,

________________

 ________________

Authorization to use car / motor vehicle

AUTHORIZATION TO USE VEHICLE

Date

To whom it may concern,

           

            I am the actual owner of the following vehicle as shown in the Deed of Absolute Sale executed by the registered owner __________:

            2003 Toyota Vios MT / MV File No. _______ /  Plate No. _____ / CR No. _____ / OR No. ______

I hereby grant my authorization and consent to ____________________ for the use of this vehicle as stated in this letter.

            Copy of the Deed of Absolute Sale, OR and CR for the said motor vehicle are hereto attached.

Sincerely,

_________________

Affidavit of Loss (Identification cards)

Republic of the Philippines)

                                     ) S.S.

AFFIDAVIT OF LOSS

(Identification Cards)

I, ________, of legal age, Filipino, single and a resident of _________________, after having been duly sworn to in accordance with law, depose and state THAT:

1.   I am a seafarer working overseas and was recently deployed in Hawaii.

2.   Previously, I was issued the following documents/identification cards by the Philippine government:

a.)         SSS ID No. ________

b.)         Pag-ibig ID No. _________

c.)          TIN ID No. _________

d.)         OWWA Membership ID

3.   During my latest deployment as fisherman-seafarer in Hawaii, I brought with me the said identification cards. I placed all of them in my wallet.

4.   Unfortunately, on ________ around 4PM, our fishing vessel FV ______, while docked at ___________, got burned which started from the electrical components in the pilot house.

5.   Luckily, I was not present during the said incident as I was in another boat having a haircut, but I left my wallet with all the above identification cards inside my locker which were all consumed by fire.

6.   I tried to look for the said IDs after the fire was put out by a fire truck but the entire cabin area where my locker is located was burned; thus, these identification cards are now lost beyond recovery.

4. As such, I am executing this affidavit to attest to the foregoing facts and to support the application for the issuance of the new ones in lieu of those ones which were lost.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this ___________________ in ___________, Metro Manila, Philippines.

_____________

Affiant

SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me this _______ day of __________________ in __________________, Metro Manila, affiant exhibiting to her Government Issued ID No. __________ issued on _____________ at ____________.

 NOTARY PUBLIC

Doc. No. Page No. Book No. Series of 2017.

Affidavit of Loss (Passport)

Republic of the Philippines)

                                     ) S.S.

AFFIDAVIT OF LOSS

(PASSPORT)

I, ___________________, of legal age, Filipino, single and a resident of _______________________________, after having been duly sworn to in accordance with law, depose and state THAT:

1. On January 12, 2010, I was issued a Philippine Passport by the Department of Affairs in Manila;

2. Recently, I had tried to look for the said passport but the same could not be found;

3. Despite diligent search and efforts to locate the said passport, I could not find the same such that I believe that it is now lost beyond recovery; 

4. As such, I am executing this affidavit to attest to the foregoing facts and to support the application for the issuance of a new one in lieu of the one which was lost. 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this ___________________ in ___________, Metro Manila, Philippines.

_______________

Affiant

SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me this _______ day of __________________ in __________________, Metro Manila, affiant exhibiting to her Government Issued ID No. __________ issued on _____________ at ____________.

Doc. No. ____;
Page No. ____;
Book No. ____;
Series of 2017.

Affidavit of Loss

Republic of the Philippines)

                                     ) S.S.

AFFIDAVIT OF LOSS OF SPA

I, ________________, of legal age, Filipino, single and a resident of _________________________, after having been duly sworn to in accordance with law, depose and state THAT:

On November 17, 2016, a Special Power of Attorney was executed by the registered owners ________ and ____________ acknowledged before Notary Public ____________ (Doc. No. ___; Page No. __; Book No. __; Series of 2016) authorizing Ms.________ to sell the property covered by CCT Nos. ______ and ______ and execute necessary documents relative thereto.

Sometime in July 2017, the original copy of the said Special Power of Attorney given to me could not be found and that despite of diligent search and efforts, the same could no longer be found such that I now believe that it is now lost beyond recovery.

As such, I am executing this Affidavit of Loss to attest to the truth of the foregoing and for whatever legal purposes that this may serve.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this ___________________ in ___________, Metro Manila, Philippines.

___________

Affiant

SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me this _______ day of __________________ in __________________, Metro Manila, affiant exhibiting to her Government Issued ID No. ____________.

	Doc. No. Page No. Book No. Series of 2017.

 

Labor Law: GRANDTEQ INDUSTRIAL STEEL PRODUCTS, INC. vs MARGALLO, G.R. No. 181393, July 28, 2009

        "The Court rigorously disapproves contracts that demonstrate a clear attempt to exploit the employee and deprive him of the protection sanctioned by both the Constitution and the Labor Code."

(GRANDTEQ  INDUSTRIAL STEEL PRODUCTS, INC. vs MARGALLO, G.R. No. 181393, July 28, 2009)

Labor Bar Exam Coverage: Four-fold Test

a. Four-fold Test 

     a. Selection and engagement of employee;
     b. Payment of wages;
     c. Power of dismissal; and
     d. Power of control (the most important test)

The 2013 Bar Examination

BAR BULLETIN NO.  1

Office of the Bar Confidant

Supreme Court of the Philippines

December 7, 2012

1.  Bar Exam Venue:  University of Sto. Tomas, Espana, Manila

2.  Examination Dates:  Four Sundays of October 2013:

October 6:

8 a.m. - 12 noon - Political Law

2 p.m. - 6 p.m.  - Labor Law

October 13:

8 a.m. - 12 noon - Civil Law

2 p.m. - 6 p.m.  – Taxation

October 20:

8 a.m. - 12 noon - Commercial Law

2 p.m. - 6 p.m.  - Criminal Law

October 27:

8 a.m. - 12 noon - Remedial Law

2 p.m.  - 6 p.m  - Legal Ethics

3.  Coverage:  Questions shall strictly fall within the defined Syllabus for every subject.  The Syllabi shall be released through a Bar Bulletin or before December 31, 2012.

The cut-off for  Supreme  Court  decisions  covered  by  the  2013  Bar Examinations shall be January 31, 2013. 2

4.  Exam Structure and Format of Questions

a.  The  Examination  shall  consist  of  20%  Multiple  Choice Questions (MCQ) and 80% Essay-type questions.

b.  Whether MCQ or essay, the questions shall be based on a given set of facts,  presented as  briefly  but as  clearly  and completely as  possible,  taking  into  account  that  every  examinee  needs reading,  understanding,  consideration  of the applicable law, and answering time for every question.

The  whole  examination should  be  answerable  by  the  average bar examinee within  3 .5  hours (210 minutes) to  allow  him  or her 30 minutes of review time.

c.  The basic elements of problem solving that the Examiners shall particularly  look  for  are:  the examinee's  (1)  proper understanding and appreciation of the facts, particularly of the components  or  details  that  can  be  material  in  resolving  the given  problem;  (2)  his  or  her  appreciation  of the  applicable /awls  that may  come  into  play;  (3)  recognition  of the  issues posed;  and the (4) resolution of the issues through the analysis and application of the law to the given facts.  The examinee's presentation and articulation of his  or her answer shall  also  be given weight.

d.  The 20% MCQ portion of the examination shall be divided into 4 or 5 main fact situations from which the MCQ questions shall be asked.

The  80% essay portion of the  exam shall be divided into eight (8)  divisions  of ten  (10)  points each, with  a maximum  of two facts per division from which question shall be drawn.

The  corresponding  weight  of  each  question  shall  properly be  indicated  in  the  questionnaire,  together  with  estimated answering time,  to  allow the  examinee proper allotment of his or her exam time.

5.  Communications

a.  All  administrative  matters  relating  to  the  Bar  Examinations shall  be handled by and shall  be  coursed through the  Supreme Court's  Office  of  the  Bar  Confidant's  (OBC).  All communications should be  addressed to the Office of the Bar Confidant c/o Atty. Tina Layusa, SC Bar Confidant.

b. The OBC can be reached at landline number 5257929; 5268122; 5268119; cellular phone number 09088864293; and by e-mail at  baroffice@sc.judiciary.goy.ph. It holds office  at the Supreme Court, Padre Faura, Manila,  and is  open  at  regular  office  hours  on regular  working  days.  All inquiries regarding the Bar Examinations should be  directed at the OBC. Interested parties are urged to first communicate with the OBC  by phone or by email to determine if the need exists for them to personally go to the OBC.

c.  The  Bar  Confidant  shall  act  as  Spokesperson  for  the  Bar Examinations  and  shall  handle  all  announcements  and relations  with  the  media,  with  the  law  schools,  and  with examinees.  Public announcements  shall  be  through  Bar Bulletins  issued  by  the  OBC  at  the  SC  website:

sc.j udiciary .gov. ph.

Source: http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/bar%20admissions/bulletin/bulletin1.pdf

MVRB CRESAR Schedule for the 2013 Real Estate Brokers Exam

CRESAR: Marikina Valley Realtors Board (MVRB)

Join PAREB-MVRB's 120 unit Comprehensive Real Estate Seminar and Review (CRESAR) for the March 2013 PRC real estate brokers examination

Schedule - Jan. 11, 12, 13, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, Feb. 1, 2, 3, 8, 9 ,10, 2013

Venue - BSA Twin Towers, Everest Room B, Bank Drive, St. Francis Square ( Behind SM Megamall Bldg. A)

Seminar Fee - P15,000 for early bird (up to,  Dec. 15, 2012), P18,000 (Dec. 16-31, 2012) Includes food, coffee, training materials

Contact - Mike Caparros (02) 347-0652 or (0922) 899-6453   mikecaparros@yahoo.com

 

Source: http://aboutrealestatetransactions.blogspot.com

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CASE DIGEST: Sambar vs. Levi Strauss

VENANCIO SAMBAR, doing business under the name and style of CVS Garment Enterprises vs. LEVI STRAUSS & CO., LEVI STRAUSS (PHIL.), INC.

FACTS:

Private respondents alleged in their complaint that Levi Strauss and Co. (LS&Co.), an internationally known clothing manufacturer, own the arcuate design trademark which was registered under US Trademark Registration No. 404,248 on November 16, 1943. That sometime in 1987, CVSGIC and Venancio Sambar, without the consent and authority of private respondents and in infringement and unfair competition, sold and advertised, and despite demands to cease and desist, continued to manufacture, sell and advertise denim, pants under the brand name “Europress” with back pockets bearing a design similar to the arcuate trademark of private respondents, thereby causing confusion on the buying public, prejudiced to private respondent’s goodwill and property right.

Sambar filed a separate answer. He admitted that copyright Registration No. 1-1998 was issued to him, but he denied using it. He said he did not authorize anyone to use the copyrighted design.

Trial court issued a writ of preliminary injunction enjoining CVSGIC and petitioner from manufacturing, advertising and selling pants with the arcuate design on their back pockets.

Private respondents moved for reconsideration praying for the cancellation of petitioner’s copyright registration.

Trial court granted the prayer.

Petitioner appealed to the Court of Appeals which affirmed the ruling of the trial court.

ISSUE:

Whether petitioner infringe on private respondent’s arcuate design.

HELD:

To be entitled to a copyright, the thing being copyrighted must be original, created by the author through his own skill, labor and judgment, without directly copying or evasively imitating the work of another.

Both the trail court and the Court of Appeals found there was infringement.

CASE DIGEST: Vargas vs. FM Yaptico

ANGEL VARGAS vs F. M. YAPTICO & CO. (Ltd.)

G.R. No. 14101, September 24, 1919

Facts:

Plaintiff Angel Vargas, a farmer, was issued patents by the United States Patent Office for his so-called invention of an improved adjustable plow with the use his own native plow. A certified copy of the patent was filed in the Division of Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks of the Executive Bureau, Government of the Philippine Islands.

Defendant F. M. Yaptico & Co. (Ltd.), a firm engaged in the foundry business in Iloilo City, was a manufacturer of plow parts. It produced points, shares, shoes, and heel pieces in a considerable amount adapted to replace worn-out parts of the Vargas plow.

Vargas filed a case in the Court of First Instance of Iloilo to enjoin the alleged infringement of his U.S. Patent by the defendant F. M Yaptico & Co. (Ltd.), and to recover the damages suffered by reason of this infringement, to which the court issued the preliminary injunction prayed for.

The defendant denied the allegations and defended that the patent lacked novelty or invention, that there was no priority of ideas or device in the principle and construction of the plow, and that the plow, whose manufacture it was sought to have enjoined by the plaintiff, had already been in public use for more than two years before the application of the plaintiff for his patent.

The trial judge rendered judgment in favor of the defendant, declaring null and without effect the patent in question and dismissing the suit with costs against the plaintiff. Hence, the plaintiff appealed said judgment.

Issues:

1. Whether the patented invention is void for lack of novelty and invention?

2. Whether the patent is invalid considering that the plow had already been in public use for over two years prior to the application for a patent.

Ruling:

1. Yes, the patent if void. The Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s conclusion that the plow of the plaintiff is not different from the native plow, except in the material, in the form, in the weight and the grade of the result, the said differences giving it neither a new function nor a new result distinct from the function and the result obtained from the native plow. Also, its production does not presuppose the exercise of the inventive faculty but merely of mechanical skill, which does not give a right to a patent of an invention under the provisions of the Patent Law.

2. Yes, the patent is void. Under the provisions of the statute, an inventor's creation must not have been in public use or on sale in the United States (and the Philippine Islands) for more than two years prior to his application.

Further, it was proved that the invention was used in public at Iloilo by others than Vargas, the inventor, more than two years before the application for the patent thus, the patent is invalid.

CASE DIGEST: Universal Mills Corporation vs. Universal Textile Mills

78 SCRA 62 (1977) 

FACTS:

This is an appeal from the order of the Securities and Exchange Commission granting a petition by the respondent to have the petitioner’s corporate name be changed as it is “confusingly and deceptively similar” to that of the former.

On January 8, 1954, respondent Universal Textile Mills was issued a certificate of Corporation as a textile manufacturing firm. On the other hand, petitioner, which deals in the production of hosieries and apparels, acquired its current name by amending its articles of incorporation, changing its name from Universal Hosiery mills Corporation to Universal Mills corporation.

ISSUE:

Whether or not petioner’s trade name is confusingly similar with that of respondent’s.

HELD:

Yes. The corporate names in question are not identical, but they are indisputably so similar that even under the test of reasonable care and observation as the public generally are capable of using and may be expected to exercise” invoked by appellant. We are apprehensive confusion will usually arise, considering that x x x appellant included among its primary purposes the manufacturing, dyeing, finishing and selling of fabrics of all kinds” which respondent had been engaged for more than a decade ahead of petitioner.